Remote-Url: https://www2.gwu.edu/~eall/vjgnew/vjghomepage/vjghome.htm Retrieved-at: 2021-08-15 11:32:23.364646+00:00 Table of ContentsUnit 1: Sentence typesThis unit explains three basic types of sentences in Japanese: those ending in a noun phrase and the copula, those ending in an adjective (and optionally the copula), and those ending in a verb.Word listTake a quiz.See also Unit 20.Comments and suggestionsUnit 2: Word orderThis unit explains that the verb must appear last in a Japanese sentence. The exact word order of noun phrases is not as important, so long as they appear before the verb and are accompanied by correct particles.Word listTake a quiz.Comments and suggestionsUnit 3: Simple noun phrasesUnit 4: Spatial relationsThis unit explains that spatial relations in Japanese are expressed with noun phrases in the form of [reference point +no+ relative position] as inwatashi-noushiro“behindme.���Word listTake a quiz.See also Unit 3.Comments and suggestionsUnit 5: AdjectivesThis unit first explains two types of adjectives:i-adjectives andna-adjectives. In addition, it explains the properties of adjective-like nouns that are somewhat difficult to distinguish fromna-adjecitves.Word listTake a quiz.See also Units 18, 19, and 22.Comments and suggestionsUnit 6: Location particlesUnit 7: Transitivity 1Unit 8: ParticlewaUnit 9: ParticlemoThis unit explains that the particlemoadds a thing to a set of items that meet a certain condition. It also shows that the function and the distribution of the particlemoare very similar to those of the particlewa.Word listTake a quiz.See also Units 8 and 55.Comments and suggestionsUnit 10: Particles in communicationUnit 11: Demonstrative pronounsUnit 12: CountersThis unit contrasts two different methods of using numeral expressions containing counters such asmai"sheet" andsatsu"volume." In one, numeral expressions are used to count items. In the other, numeral expressions are used to characterize a specific group in terms of its size.Word listTake a quiz.Comments and suggestionsUnit 13:WhquestionsThis unit illustrates that Japanesewhquestions (questions containing counterparts ofwho,what,why, etc.) are structured exactly like their answers and that this feature makes it quite easy to construct and answer complexwhquestions in Japanese even though they may be difficult to translate into English.Word listTake a quiz.See also Units 35, 37, and 47.Comments and suggestionsUnit 14: Expressing change of stateThis unit explains how to describe change of state. Specifically, the following two types of patterns, the adjectival type and the nominal type constructions are illustrated:ku-form of adjective +naru"become"; noun-ni+naru.Word listTake a quiz.See also Units 18 and 41.Comments and suggestionsUnit 15: Measuring and telling timeUnit 16: Verbs and noun phrases 1This unit classifies verbs into categories on the basis of semantic characteristics of their associated noun phrases. It also shows what particles can go with what verbs. The verbs in this set are primarily transitive, or take a target.Word listTake a quiz.See also Units 7, 10, and 17.Comments and suggestionsUnit 17: Verbs and noun phrases 2Unit 18: Adverbs and modifiers of nounsUnit 19: Speech stylesThis unit introduces the distinction between direct-style forms and polite forms. The primary factor for this distinction is the nature of the audience.Word listTake a quiz.See also Units 20, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 47, 50, 56, and 65.Comments and suggestionsUnit 20: Verbal conjugationsUnit 21: Cause and effectUnit 22: Connecting sentencesUnit 23: Continuative 1Unit 24: Directional verbsUnit 25: Continuative 2Unit 26: Describing clothingThis unit examines an application of the concept explained in Unit 10. It shows how the resultant continuative construction is used to describe how a person is dressed.Word listTake a quiz.See also Units 23 and 25.Comments and suggestionsUnit 27: Comparison of objectsUnit 28: Combining particlesUnit 29: Expressions of desireUnit 30: ProbabilityUnit 31: Temporal clauses withnagaraUnit 32: Purpose phrases 1This unit describes the purpose construction [location +ni/e+ verbal stem +ni+ verb of movement], which is used in sentences such asumi-nioyogi-niiku“Igo to the beach for aswim.���Word listTake a quiz.See also Units 43, 44, and 45.Comments and suggestionsUnit 33: Listing optionsUnit 34: Elements appearing with negative endingsUnit 35: More onwhexpressionsUnit 36: Tentative formsUnit 37: Complex noun phrasesUnit 38: Nominalization 1This unit explains how to form and use Japanese counterparts of constructions like the bracketed parts below:I remember [my mother cooking in our old kitchen].[For me to cook] is a major event.It is surprising [that you should cook].Word listTake a quiz.See also Units 22, 50, and 52.Comments and suggestionsUnit 39:N-desuUnit 40: Quoting statements and assertionsUnit 41: Source of information 1In Japanese, the“sourceofinformation��� is typically marked at the end of a sentence by a noun-like element. Representative of this type of construction are:y��“evidence,���hazu“commonunderstanding,���tsumori“intention,belief,��� ands��“hearsay.��� This unit explains the first of these.Word listTake a quiz.See also Unit 42.Comments and suggestionsUnit 42: Source of information 2This unit continues with the topic of marking the source of information and explains how to usehazu“commonunderstanding,���tsumori“intention,belief,��� ands��“hearsay.���Word listTake a quiz.See also Units 41 and 44.Comments and suggestionsUnit 43: Purpose phrases 2This unit describes two more purpose constructions, [directsentense+no-ni] and [direct sentence +tame-ni]. Differences between these constructions and the other purpose construction studied in Unit 32 are also pointed out.Word listTake a quiz.See also Units 32 and 44.Comments and suggestionsUnit 44:Sôvs.y��This unit contrasts two markers of source of information,s��andy��, as seen intaka-s��-daandtakaiy��-da. It points out thats��, which takes a stem form, marks the judgment as more intuitive and immediate thany��, which takes a direct-style sentence and marks the judgment as more objective and detached.Word listTake a quiz.See also Units 22, 32, 42, and 43.Comments and suggestionsUnit 45: Quoting requestsUnit 46: Comparison of eventsThis unit explains how to compare two events usingyori“than��� andh��“option.��� The pattern is essentially the same as the pattern described in Unit 27 for comparing two things, except that direct-style sentences are used.Word listTake a quiz.See also Unit 27.Comments and suggestionsUnit 47: Patterns of uncertaintyUnit 48: Two more conditionalsUnit 49: Verbs of givingUnit 50: Nominalization 2Unit 51: TenseUnit 52:NoandkotoUnit 53: Patterns of consequenceThis unit summarizes a number of patterns involvingte-forms and those verbs that can be used as auxiliary verbs. Specifically, the verbs described areageru,kureru,iru,kuru,iku,oku,aru,shimau,miru, andmiseru. In combination with ate-form, these verbs indicate that the event or action has some consequence or impact to a receiver, a destination, a future point, an observer, etc.Word listTake a quiz.See also Units 7, 24, 25, 49, 54, and 64.Comments and suggestionsUnit 54:TemoThis unit discusses the use ofte-forms followed by the particlemo. The basic meaning of this construction is that different conditions lead to an identical consequence.Word listTake a quiz.See also Units 22, 53, and 55.Comments and suggestionsUnit 55: Permission and prohibitionThis unit describes the patterns for permission, exemption, prohibition, and obligation, which are created by combining a positive or negativete-form withmoii(permissive attitude) orwaikenai(restrictive attitude).Word listTake a quiz.See also Unit 54.Comments and suggestionsUnit 56: HonorificsUnit 57: Apologies and thanksUnit 58: Requests and commandsUnit 59: PassiveUnit 60: Adversity passiveThis unit explains another type of passive construction known as“adversity��� or“affective��� passive. Thisconstuctionutilizes the same passive verb forms studied in Unit 59, but for a different effect. It indicates that the subject is adversely affected bysomeone���s action.Word listTake a quiz.See also Unit 59.Comments and suggestionsUnit 61: Patterns of control 1Unit 62: Patterns of control 2This unit explains thetemorauconstruction, which is similar to that of theletcausative. The subject in this construction is grateful for the action performed by someone.Word listTake a quiz.See also Units 60 and 61.Comments and suggestionsUnit 63: Transitivity 2This unit describes how to use pairs of closely related transitive and intransitive verbs. The effect of using such intransitive verbs with the resultant continuative constructionteiruis also discussed.Word listTake a quiz.See also Units 7 and 25.Comments and suggestionsUnit 64:TearuandteiruUnit 65: Male and female differencesUnit 66: Common errorsAppendices